These specifications introduce the SARO Ontology and its vocabulary.
This document arose from the work done in the EDSA project.
@prefix saro: http://w3id.org/saro#
@prefix esco: http://data.europa.eu/esco/model#
@prefix rdf: http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
@prefix rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
@prefix so: http://schema.org/#
@prefix gumo: http://www.gumo.org/#
The Skills and Recruitment Ontology (SARO) is a domain ontology representing occupations, skills and recruitment. It is modelled by considering several similar context models, but is mainly inspired by the European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations ontology (ESCO) and Schema.org. The ontology is structured along four dimensions: job posts, skills, qualifications and users.
Job posts refers to job advertisements by organizations. Advertised job openings comprise various essential attributes, such as the job role, title, the relevant sector and other related descriptions (defined by Schema.org, e.g. job location, date posted, working hours, etc.).
One of the most important job requirements that are usually explicitly define is the list of qualifications fitting for this role, including fundamental skills which are required to fulfil the role. SARO also describes the proficiency level for each skill. Skills are harnessed by a group of users based on their tasks. For example, an educator or trainer could develop training resources related to certain skills or competences. In order to do so, specific skill can be chosen by considering the skill gap of another user group, e.g. the domain specialist.
The ontology also considers and maintains two additional registers for Awarding Body (defined by ESCO) and Curriculum. The former is an official or otherwise recognized institution, organization or company which is able to provide qualifications and certifications. Based on these, curricula can be formed.
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:needsSkill, saro:requiresQualification |
| In range of: | saro:hasCapability, saro:requiresCapability |
| Description | This class represents a list of skills which is required in a job role |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:toAbsorb |
| In range of: | saro:hasCapacity |
| Description | The class which covers the ability to apply the skills in a professional environment |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:describesResource |
| In range of: | saro:follows |
| Description | This class represents a collection of courses to develop skills |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | saro:derivedFrom, saro:feedsInto |
| Description | The data source represents both the data mined specifically for the project and other third party KBs. |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:allocatesResourcesTo, saro:defines |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The Decision Maker class is a group of people who is responsible for the definition of new roles and essential skills for them, who will also influence training of new and existing employees |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:feedsInto |
| In range of: | saro:browses, saro:hasDemand, saro:seeksToFill |
| Description | This class represents the gaps of skills for specific job title |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | saro:Practitioner, saro:Trainee |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The Domain Specialist class represents the class of people who is practising or new in a certain domain |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:develops |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The Educator or Trainer class represents the institution and personnel who will develop learning resources |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | saro:hasExpertise, saro:leadsTo, saro:requiresExpertise |
| Description | An advanced or exceptional knowledge or skill in an area or topic |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:drivenByInterest, saro:drivenByKnowledge |
| In range of: | saro:drives, saro:satisfies |
| Description | This class defines list of information which is required as a target to be fulfilled by training resource |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:browses |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The J.Public class is a group of people which is called non-domain end user, who may or may not be a technology expert |
| Superclasses | so:JobPosting, rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:advertisedIn, saro:describes |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | a listing that describes a job opening in a certain organization |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:foundIn, saro:requiresCapability, saro:requiresExpertise, saro:requiresKnowledge, saro:requiresSkill |
| In range of: | saro:defines, saro:describes, saro:hasDemandFor |
| Description | The title of the job |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, rdfs:Resource, saro:Skill |
| Subclasses | saro:Product, saro:Tool |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | This class represents specialised and relevant skill for jobs within a specific economic sector, context or occupation |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:definesSkill, saro:derivedFrom |
| In range of: | saro:createdFrom, saro:feedsIntoKB |
| Description | A class represents the underlying set of know-what e.g. programming languages, design tools |
| Superclasses | saro:DomainSpecialist, rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The Practitioner class represents a group of people who is practising in a certain domain |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, saro:JobSpecificSkill, rdfs:Resource, saro:Skill |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | This class represents skill which is related to an ability to use a particular product to support the job task |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | saro:atProficiencyLevel |
| Description | This class represents a measurement system based on popular standards for the level of understanding and ability in a certain skill |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:feedsIntoKB, saro:qualificationExpirationPeriod |
| In range of: | saro:leadsToQualification, saro:legallyRequiredQualification, saro:requiresQualification |
| Description | The Qualification class represents the official or formal certification of one or more acquired skills or competences |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:seeksToFill |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The Recruiter class is the class of people who usually take in charge for the recruitment process in an organization and he/she may also influence the language in and the interpretation of job advertisement |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:hasDemand |
| In range of: | saro:advertisedIn, saro:foundIn, saro:isCoreTo |
| Description | The sector associated with the job position |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | saro:JobSpecificSkill, saro:Product, saro:Tool, saro:TransversalSkill |
| In domain of: | saro:acquiredVia, saro:atProficiencyLevel, saro:coOccursWith, saro:drives, saro:frequencyOfMention, saro:isCoreTo, saro:leadsTo, saro:leadsToQualification, saro:requires, saro:isBroaderThan |
| In range of: | saro:coOccursWith, saro:definesSkill, saro:fillSkillGap, saro:hasEssentialSkill, saro:hasSkill, saro:hasSkillGap, saro:needsSkill, saro:relatedTo, saro:requires, saro:requiresSkill, saro:toAbsorb, saro:isBroaderThan, saro:subSkill |
| Description | The skill class represents the ability to carry out managerial or technical tasks |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, saro:JobSpecificSkill, rdfs:Resource, saro:Skill |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | This class represents skill which is related to an ability to use a particular tool to support the job task |
| Superclasses | saro:JobSpecificSkill, rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | This class represents all demonstrated abilities to apply skills in a certain topic |
| Superclasses | saro:DomainSpecialist, rdfs:Resource, saro:User |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The Trainee class represents a group of people who is new in a certain domain |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:createdFrom, saro:relatedTo, saro:satisfies |
| In range of: | saro:acquiredVia, saro:allocatesResourcesTo, saro:describesResource, saro:develops |
| Description | This class covers the resources which is created in purpose of specific curricula and related skill |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, rdfs:Resource, saro:Skill |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | This class represents list of skills which are relevant to a broad range of occupations and sectors. They are often referred to as core skills, basic skills or soft skills |
| Superclasses | saro:TransversalSkill, rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | -- |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | Ability in spoken or written natural languages, as a skill |
| Superclasses | esco:Concept, rdfs:Resource, saro:Skill |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:subSkill |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | A specialised skill that is composed of multiple other known skills, e.g. IT Project Management, but is not as yet defined as a standalone skill |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | saro:DomainSpecialist, saro:EducatororTrainer, saro:J.Public, saro:Practitioner, saro:Recruiter, saro:Trainee |
| In domain of: | saro:hasExpertise, saro:hasSkill, saro:hasSkillGap |
| In range of: | saro:forUserType |
| Description | The User class represents people who able to do one or more tasks |
| Superclasses | rdfs:Resource |
| Subclasses | -- |
| In domain of: | saro:forUserType |
| In range of: | -- |
| Description | The User Task class covers list of tasks for every type of user in the context |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:ComplexSkill |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | A subskill that a complex skill is composed of. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:TrainingResource |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property marks that a skill can be acquired via one or more training resource. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobPosting |
| Range | saro:Sector |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links one job posting to one sector. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:DecisionMaker |
| Range | saro:TrainingResource |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to link the decision maker with the training resources which has been allocated or influenced by him. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:ProficiencyLevel |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property marks that a skill could have one ProficiencyLevel. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:J.Public |
| Range | saro:Demand |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | User type public is able to browse the demand, therefore this property is used to link public with specific demand. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One skill possibly occurs together with another skill in a specific job posting, and the property points to one or more skill. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:TrainingResource |
| Range | saro:KnowledgeBase |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to knowledge base which creates the training resource. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:DecisionMaker |
| Range | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to link the decision maker with the new roles which has been defined by him. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:KnowledgeBase |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to skill which is defined by the knowledge base. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:KnowledgeBase |
| Range | saro:DataSource |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to data source that derives the knowledge base. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobPosting |
| Range | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links one job posting to its role or type. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Curriculum |
| Range | saro:TrainingResource |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to training resource which is described by the curriculum. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:EducatororTrainer |
| Range | saro:TrainingResource |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to link the training course which has been developed by an educator or trainer. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:InformationNeed |
| Range | gumo:Interest |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to interest which drives the information need. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:InformationNeed |
| Range | gumo:Knowledge |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to knowledge which drives the information need. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:InformationNeed |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One skill can drive the information need. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Demand |
| Range | saro:DataSource |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property marks that a demand could contribute to one or more data source. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Qualification |
| Range | saro:KnowledgeBase |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property links the qualification with knowledge base that indicates the contribution for adding the knowledge base. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | gumo:Goal |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to which skill does a goal will fill the defined gap. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | gumo:Plan |
| Range | saro:Curriculum |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to curriculum which is followed by a plan. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:UserTask |
| Range | saro:User |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer a specific user task with the user. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Range | saro:Sector |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links one Job Role to a sector. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | xsd:integer |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One skill usually specify their number of occurrence in a particular job posting, in which it points out to an integer. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | geo:Location |
| Range | saro:Capability |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer a location with the capability for that specific location. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | geo:Location |
| Range | saro:Capacity |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer a location with the capacity for that specific location. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Sector |
| Range | saro:Demand |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One sector could specify their demand, and the property points to one or more demand. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | geo:Location |
| Range | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property links the location to one or more job role or type which indicates that there is a demand for a location toward specific job role. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | esco:Occupation |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property links the occupation with one or more skill in which those occupation must have. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:User |
| Range | saro:Expertise |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links a user with his expertise. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:User |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links a user with the skill of which he has been qualified for. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:User |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links a user with the skill of which he has not been qualified for. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:Sector |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property marks that a skill is a core to one or more sector. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:Expertise |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property marks that a skill could lead to one or more expertise. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:Qualification |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property marks that a skill could define one or more qualification. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | esco:Occupation |
| Range | saro:Qualification |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property links the occupation with one or more qualification. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Capability |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links a capability with the required skill for that capability. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Qualification |
| Range | xsd:duration |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Records the period of how long a qualification is valid. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:TrainingResource |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to skill which relates to one or more training resource. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One skill can simultaneously consist of various skill subclasses as defined by SARO. These are semantically related to the parent skill through this property. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Range | saro:Capability |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One job role usually specify their required capability, and the property points to one or more capability. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Range | saro:Expertise |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One job role usually specify their required expertise, and the property points to one or more expertise. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Range | gumo:Knowledge |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One job role usually specify their required knowledge, and the property points to one or more knowledge. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Capability |
| Range | saro:Qualification |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | Links a capability with the required qualification for that capability. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:JobRoleOrType |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | One job role usually specify their required skill, and the property points to one or more skill. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:TrainingResource |
| Range | saro:InformationNeed |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to information need which is satisfied by the training resource. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Recruiter |
| Range | saro:Demand |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | A recruiter is responsible for the recruitment process of specific job role, but first should get the demand picture of those role and therefore this property is used to link recruiter with specific demand. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Capacity |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | This property is used to refer to a capacity which could absorb the specific skill. |
| Type | rdf:Property, rdfs:Resource |
| Domain | saro:Skill |
| Range | saro:Skill |
| Superproperties | -- |
| Subproperties | -- |
| Description | A skill can be characterised by means of other related specific skills, or a skill can be mapped to a higher-level skills. |